Sunday, August 7, 2016

Timeline of Jerusalem 4500 BC - 1840 AD




 Timeline of Jerusalem 
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This is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history.[1] During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.[2]
Ancient period

The Levant showing Jerusalem in c. 830 BCE

Neo-Assyrian Empire at its greatest extent

Achaemenid Empire under Darius III
Proto-Canaanite period
Canaanite and New Kingdom Egyptian period
Independent Israel and Judah (House of David) period
Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires period

Illustration from the Nuremberg Chronicle of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule
Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period
Classical antiquity
Hellenistic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic / Seleucid) period

Kingdoms of the Diadochi and others before the battle of Ipsus, c. 303 BCE

The Seleucid Empire in c. 200 BCE

Hasmonean Kingdom at its greatest extent under Salome Alexandra
  • 332 BC: Jerusalem capitulates to Alexander the Great, during his six-year Macedonian conquest of the empire of Darius III of Persia. Alexander's armies took Jerusalem without complication while travelling to Egypt after the Siege of Tyre (332 BC).
  • 323 BC: The city comes under the rule ofLaomedon of Mytilene, who is given control of the province of Syria following Alexander's death and the resulting Partition of Babylon between the Diadochi. This partition was reconfirmed two years later at the Partition of Triparadisus.
  • 320 BC: General Nicanor, dispatched by satrapof Egypt Ptolemy I Soter and founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, takes control of Syria including Jerusalem and captures Laomedon in the process.
  • 315 BC: The Antigonid dynasty gains control of the city after Ptolemy I Soter withdraws from Syria including Jerusalem and Antigonus I Monophthalmus invades during the Third War of the Diadochi. Seleucus I Nicator, then governor of Babylon under Antigonus I Monophthalmus, fled to Egypt to join Ptolemy.
  • 312 BC: Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after he defeats Antigonus' son Demetrius I at the Battle of Gaza. It is probable that Seleucus I Nicator, then an Admiral under Ptolemy's command, also took part in the battle, as following the battle he was given 800 infantry and 200 cavalry and immediately travelled toBabylon where he founded the Seleucid Empire.
  • 311 BC: The Antigonid dynasty regains control of the city after Ptolemy withdraws from Syria again following a minor defeat by Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and a peace treaty is concluded.
  • 302 BC: Ptolemy invades Syria for a third time, but evacuated again shortly thereafter following false news of a victory for Antigonus against Lysimachus (another of the Diadochi).
  • 301 BC: Coele-Syria (Southern Syria) including Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after Antigonus I Monophthalmus is killed at the Battle of Ipsus. Ptolemy had not taken part in the battle, and the victors Seleucus I Nicator and Lysimachus had carved up the Antigonid Empire between them, with Southern Syria intended to become part of the Seleucid Empire. Although Seleucus did not attempt to conquer the area he was due, Ptolemy's pre-emptive move led to the Syrian Wars which began in 274 BC between the successors of the two leaders.
  • 219–217 BC: The northern portion of Coele-Syria is given to the Seleucid Empire in 219 through the betrayal of Governor Theodotus of Aetolia, who had held the province on behalf of Ptolemy IV Philopator. The Seleucids advanced on Egypt, but were defeated at the Battle of Raphia (Rafah) in 217.
  • 200 BC: Jerusalem falls under the control of the Seleucid Empire following the Battle of Panium (part of the Fifth Syrian War) in which Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemies.
  • 175 BC: Antiochus IV Epiphanes succeeds his father and becomes King of the Seleucid Empire. He accelerates Seleucid efforts to eradicate the Jewish religion by forcing the Jewish High Priest Onias III to step down in favour of his brother Jason, who was replaced by Menelaus three years later. He outlaws Sabbath and circumcision, sacks Jerusalem and erects an altar to Zeus in the Second Temple after plundering it.
  • 167 BC: Maccabean revolt sparked when a Seleucid Greek government representative under King Antiochus IV asked Mattathias to offer sacrifice to the Greek gods; he refused to do so, killed a Jew who had stepped forward to do so and attacked the government official that required the act.[9] Led to the guerilla Battle of Wadi Haramia. (Biblical source only)
  • 164 BC 25 Kislev: The Maccabees capture Jerusalem following the Battle of Beth Zur, and rededicate the Temple (see Hanukkah). The Hasmoneans take control of part of Jerusalem, while the Seleucids retain control of the Acra (fortress) in the city and most surrounding areas.
  • 160 BC: The Seleucids retake control of the whole of Jerusalem after Judas Maccabeus is killed at the Battle of Elasa, marking the end of the Maccabean revolt.
  • 145–144 BC: Alexander Balas is overthrown at the Battle of Antioch (the capital of the Empire) by Demetrius II Nicator in alliance with Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt. The following year, Mithradates I of Parthia captured Seleucia (the previous capital of the Seleucid Empire), significantly weakening the power of Demetrius II Nicator throughout the remaining empire.
Hasmonean kingdom
  • c. 140 BC: The Acra is captured and later destroyed by Simon Thassi.
  • 139 BC: Demetrius II Nicator is taken prisoner for nine years by the rapidly expanding Parthian Empire after defeat of the Seleucids in Persia. Simon Thassi travels to Rome, where the Roman Republic formally acknowledges the Hasmonean Kingdom. However the region remains a province of the Seleucid empire and Simon Thassi is required to provide troops to Antiochus VII Sidetes.
  • 134 BC: Sadducee John Hyrcanus becomes leader after his father Simon Thassi is murdered. He takes a Greek regnal name (see Hyrcania) in an acceptance of the Hellenistic culture of his Seleucid suzerains.
  • 134 BC: Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes recaptures the city. John Hyrcanus opened King David's sepulchre and removed three thousand talents which he paid as tribute to spare the city (according to Josephus.[10] ) John Hyrcanus remains as governor, becoming a vassal to the Seleucids
  • 116 BC: A civil war between Seleucid half-brothers Antiochus VIII Grypus and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus results in a breakup of the kingdom and the independence of certain principalities, including Judea.[11] [12]
  • 110 BC: John Hyrcanus carries out the first military conquests of the independent Hasmonean kingdom, raising a mercenary army to capture Madaba and Schechem, significantly increasing the regional influence of Jerusalem.[13] [14]
  • c. 87 BC: According to Josephus, following a six-year civil war involving Seleucid king Demetrius III Eucaerus, Hasmonean ruler Alexander Jannaeus crucified 800 Jewish rebels in Jerusalem.
  • 73–63 BC: The Roman Republic extends its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War. During the war, Armenian King Tigranes the Great takes control of Syria and prepares to invade Judea and Jerusalem but has to retreat following an invasion of Armenia by Lucullus.[15] However, this period is believed to have resulted in the first settlement of Armenians in Jerusalem.[16] According to Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writing in c. 482 AD, Tigranes captured Jerusalem and deported Hyrcanus to Armenia, however most scholars deem this account to be incorrect.[17] [18]
Early Roman period

Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus, 30BCE – 6AD

Pompey in the Temple, 63 BCE (Jean Fouquet 1470–1475)

Jesus at the Temple (Giovanni Paolo Pannini c. 1750)

The siege of Jerusalem, 70AD (David Roberts, 1850)
  • 7–26 AD: Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Judea and Galilee.[28]
  • c. 12 AD: The 12-year-old Jesus travels to Jerusalem on Passover, as he did every year[29] and is found in the Temple (Biblical sources only).
  • 28–30 AD: Three-year Ministry of Jesus, during which a number of key events took place in Jerusalem, including: (Biblical sources only)

“Flevit super illam” (He wept over it); byEnrique Simonet, 1892.
  • 30 AD: Key events in the martyrdom of Jesus which took place in Jerusalem. (Biblical sources only)
Late Roman period (Aelia Capitolina)

The Roman empire at its peak under Hadrian showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 CE.
Late Antiquity period
Byzantine period

Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476

Helena finding the True Cross (Italian manuscript, c. 825)

The Madaba Map depiction of sixth-century Jerusalem
Middle Ages
Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period

The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads.
  Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
  Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
  Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750

An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance (c. 950)
Fatimid Caliphate period

The Fatimid Caliphate at its greatest extent
First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)

Crusader states in 1180

The capture of Jerusalem by theCrusaders on 15 July 1099 1. The Holy Sepulchre, 2. The Dome of the Rock, 3. Ramparts

A woodcut of Jerusalem in theNuremberg Chronicle, 1493
Ayyubid period and Second Crusader Kingdom
The Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin leads to the end of the First Crusader Kingdom (1099–1187). During the Second Crusader Kingdom (1192–1291), the Crusaders can only gain a foothold in Jerusalem on a limited scale, twice through treaties (access rights in 1192 after the Treaty of Jaffa; partial control 1229–39 after the Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul), and again for a last time between 1241–44.[53]

Jerusalem under the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of Saladin, 1193

The Bahri Mamluk Dynasty 1250–1382
  • 1239: An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid Emir of Kerak, briefly occupies the city and destroys its fortifications before withdrawing to Kerak.
  • 1240–44: An-Nasir Dawud competes with his cousin As-Salih Ayyub, who had allied with the Crusaders, for control of the region.
  • 1244: Siege of Jerusalem (1244) – In order to permanently retake the city from rival breakaway Abbasid rulers who had allied with the Crusaders, As-Salih Ayyub summoned a huge mercenary army of Khwarezmians, who were available for hire following the defeat of the Khwarazm Shah dynasty by the Mongols ten years earlier.[59] The Khwarezmians could not be controlled by As-Salih Ayyub, and destroyed the city. A few months later, the two sides met again at the decisive Battle of La Forbie, marking the end of the Crusader influence in the region.
  • 1246: The Ayyubids regain control of the city after the Khwarezmians are defeated by Al-Mansur Ibrahim at Lake Homs.
  • 1248–50: The Seventh Crusade, launched in reaction to the 1244 destruction of Jerusalem, fails after Louis IX of France is defeated and captured by Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah at the Battle of Fariskur in 1250. The Mamluk Sultanate is indirectly created in Egypt as a result, as Turanshah is killed by his Mamluk soldiers a month after the battle and his stepmother Shajar al-Durr becomes Sultana of Egypt with the Mamluk Aybak as Atabeg. The Ayyubids relocate to Damascus, where they continue to control the rump of their empire including Jerusalem for a further ten years.
Bahri Mamluk and Burji Mamluk periods
  • 1260: The Army of the Mongol Empire reaches Palestine for the first time:
  • 1267: Nachmanides goes to Jerusalem and prays at the Western Wall. Reported to have found only two hudred Jewish families in the city.
  • 1300: Further Mongol raids into Palestine under Ghazan and Mulay. Jerusalem held by the Mongols for four months (see Ninth Crusade). Hetham II, King of Armenia, was allied to the Mongols and is reported to have visited Jerusalem where he donated his sceptre to the Armenian Cathedral.
  • 1307: Marino Sanuto the Elder writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana.
  • 1318–20: Regional governor Sanjar al-Jawli undertook renovations of the city, including building the Jawliyya Madrasa.
  • 1328: Tankiz, the Governor of Damascus, undertook further renovations including of the al-Aqsa Mosque and building the Tankiziyya Madrasa.
  • 1340: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem builds a wall around the Armenian Quarter.
  • 1347: The Black Death sweeps Jerusalem and much of the rest of the Mamluk Sultanate.
  • 1377: Jerusalem and other cities in Mamluk Syria revolt, following the death ofAl-Ashraf Sha'ban. The revolt was quelled and a coup d'etat is staged by Barquqin Cairo in 1382, founding the Mamluk Burji dynasty.
  • 1392–93: Henry IV of England makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
  • 1482: The visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a sect possibly Druzes, Mamelukes, and "the most accursed of all", Jews. Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".
  • 1496: Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi writes The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron.
Early modern period
Early Ottoman period

The Ottoman Empire in 1683, showing Jerusalem
Modern era
Decline of the Ottoman Empire period

Map of Jerusalem in 1883

"Independent" Vilayet of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Levant after the reorganisation of 1887–88

 Content from WikipediaLicensed under CC-BY-SA.

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